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<title>Compulsory voting</title>

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Compulsory voting

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-pol"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the Politics series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Voting" title="Voting">Voting</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Balloting</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballots</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">Absentee ballot</a></li>

<li><a href="Provisional_ballot" title="Provisional ballot">Provisional ballot</a></li>

<li><a href="Sample_ballot" title="Sample ballot">Sample ballot</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Candidate" title="Candidate">Candidates</a> and <a href="Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measures</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-in candidate</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electorate</a></li>

<li><a href="Slate_(elections)" title="Slate (elections)">Slate</a></li>

<li><a href="Ticket_(election)" title="Ticket (election)">Ticket</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Collection</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Ballot_box" title="Ballot box">Ballot box</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_voting" title="Early voting">Early voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_ballot_system" title="Open ballot system">Open ballot</a></li>

<li><a href="Polling_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling place">Polling place</a></li>

<li><a href="Postal_voting" title="Postal voting">Postal voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li>

<li><a href="Vote_center" title="Vote center">Vote center</a></li>

<li><a href="Voting_booth" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting booth">Voting booth</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Vote_counting" title="Vote counting">Counting</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Popular_vote_(representative_democracy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular vote (representative democracy)">Popular vote</a></li>

<li><a href="Tally_(voting)" title="Tally (voting)">Tally</a></li>

<li><a href="Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">Voting machine</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral systems">Electoral systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">Plurality and majoritarian systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">Plurality-at-large voting</a></li>

<li><a href="General_ticket" title="General ticket">General ticket</a></li>

<li><a href="Usual_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Usual judgment">Usual judgment</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional and semi-proportional systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li>

<li><a href="Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Binomial_voting_system" title="Binomial voting system">Binomial system</a></li>

<li><a href="Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_transferable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Single transferable voting">Single transferable voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Mixed-member systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li>

<li><a href="Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote (positive vote transfer)</a></li>

<li><a href="Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo (negative vote transfer)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li>

<li><a href="Alternative_Vote_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Vote Plus">Alternative Vote Plus</a></li>

<li><a href="Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li>

<li><a href="Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li>

<li><a href="Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Majority bonus system</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting (Mixed member majoritarian)</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Voting strategies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Issue_voting" title="Issue voting">Issue voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral fusion">Fusion voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">Public opinion</a></li>

<li><a href="Split-ticket_voting" title="Split-ticket voting">Split-ticket voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Lesser-evil_voting" title="Lesser-evil voting">Lesser-evil voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Straight-ticket_voting" title="Straight-ticket voting">Straight-ticket voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Tactical_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical voting">Tactical voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Protest_vote" title="Protest vote">Protest votes</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Abstention" title="Abstention">Abstention</a></li>

<li><a href="Donkey_vote" title="Donkey vote">Donkey vote</a></li>

<li><a href="Election_boycott" title="Election boycott">Election boycott</a></li>

<li><a href="None_of_the_above" title="None of the above">None of the above</a></li>

<li><a href="Refused_ballot" title="Refused ballot">Refused ballot</a></li>

<li><a href="Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Voting patterns and effects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Coattail_effect" title="Coattail effect">Coattail effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Voting_advice_application" title="Voting advice application">Voting advice application</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_segments_in_political_polling" title="Voter segments in political polling">Likely voter</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradox_of_voting" title="Paradox of voting">Paradox of voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_electioneering" title="Passive electioneering">Passive electioneering</a></li>

<li><a href="Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">Vote splitting</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_apathy" title="Political apathy">Political apathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_fatigue" title="Voter fatigue">Voter fatigue</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">Voter turnout</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

<a href="Protest_vote" title="Protest vote">Protest votes</a></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="border-top:#ddd 1px solid;text-align:center;">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a> and prevention</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Ballot_harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot harvesting">Ballot harvesting</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_intimidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter intimidation">Voter intimidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Vote_buying" title="Vote buying">Vote buying</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_caging" title="Voter caging">Voter caging</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading">

Prevention</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Election_ink" title="Election ink">Election ink</a></li>

<li><a href="Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">Secret ballot</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_identification_laws" title="Voter identification laws">Voter identification laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">Voter registration</a></li>

<li><a href="End-to-end_verifiable_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="End-to-end verifiable voting">End-to-end verifiable voting</a></li></ul></td>

</tr></tbody></table></div></div></td>

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<a href="Portal%3APolitics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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Compulsory voting, also called universal civic duty voting or mandatory voting, is the requirement that registered voters participate in an election. As of January 2023, 21 countries have compulsory voting laws.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Law enforcement in those countries varies considerably, and the penalty for not casting a ballot without a proper justification ranges from severe to non-existent.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div>

<a href="Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a> held that it was every Athenian citizen's duty to participate in decision-making, but attendance at the assembly was voluntary. Sometimes there was some form of social <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opprobrium" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:opprobrium">opprobrium</a> to those not participating, particularly if they were engaging in other public activity at the time of the assembly. For example, <a href="Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>'s comedy <a href="Acharnians" class="mw-redirect" title="Acharnians">Acharnians</a> 17–22, in the 5th century BC, shows public slaves herding citizens from the <a href="Agora" title="Agora">agora</a> into the assembly meeting place (<a href="Pnyx" title="Pnyx">Pnyx</a>) with a red-stained rope. Those with red on their clothes were fined.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> This usually happens if fewer than 6,000 people were in attendance, and more were needed for the assembly to continue.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

In the <a href="Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, the legitimacy of the form of government known as res public's, which entrusted the powers of sovereignty to an elected aristocracy, was most evident in the Roman right to <a href="Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffragist

</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a> <a href="Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> argues that the right to vote provided <a href="Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a> with a certain degree of <a href="Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">political participation</a>, thereby guaranteeing their de facto ownership of their property, which they could administer as they wished. In practice, voting was conducted only in Rome, either in the <a href="Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> or in the <a href="Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Forum</a>, and not many citizens would have been able to afford the journey or take time off to vote.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In addition, contrary to Greek custom, there was no economic compensation for voting; however, Cicero mentions an election that could not continue because of particularly low <a href="Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a>, requiring a temporary <a href="Conscription" title="Conscription">draft</a> to be implemented, though it is unclear if this was an exceptional case.<a href="#cite_note-:3-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div>

From the 19th century onward a relatively small number of democracies have introduced compulsory voting at one time or another. From 1862 to 1998, compulsory voting was enacted in 20 democracies, most of which were in Western Europe or Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> has the oldest extant compulsory voting system which was introduced in 1893 for men,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and in 1948 for women.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>

Compulsory voting for national elections was introduced in Australia in 1924, with states and territories passing their own compulsory voting laws at various times.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Voluntary voting in Australia before 1924 accounted between 47% and 78% turnout of eligible voters. Following the introduction of compulsory federal voting in 1924 this figure increased to between 91% and 96%,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> with only 5% of eligible voters accounted as not enrolled.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Netherlands and Venezuela are among several countries that have moved from compulsory to voluntary voting, in 1967 and 1993 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> Venezuela saw turnout drop from 82% to 61% in 1993 once compulsion was removed.<a href="#cite_note-:9-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_for">Arguments for</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_voter_preferences">Capture voter preferences</h3></div>

A system with higher turnout helps make the electorate more <a href="Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative</a> and <a href="Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">voter suppression</a> more difficult. This major step towards the universal democratic principle of "<a href="One_man%2C_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one person, one vote</a>" strengthens democracies and aligns the choices of its politicians with the preferences of its citizens. Since lower-turnout races are not <a href="Random_samples" class="mw-redirect" title="Random samples">randomized samples</a> of an electorate (unlike a <a href="Citizens'_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">citizens' assembly</a>), they distort the wishes and power of the electorate.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_responsibility">Civil responsibility</h3></div>

Supporters argue the democratic election of governing representatives is a citizen's responsibility as opposed to a right.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Equating in kind to similar civil responsibilities such as <a href="Tax" title="Tax">taxation</a>, <a href="Jury_duty" title="Jury duty">jury duty</a>, <a href="Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a> or <a href="Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>, voting in these democracies is regarded as one of the "duties to community" mentioned in the <a href="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> This view asserts that, by introducing an obligation to vote, all citizens governed by a democracy partake in the responsibility for the government appointed by democratic election.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improve_candidate_choices">Improve candidate choices</h3></div>

<a href="Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a> political scientist <a href="Waleed_Aly" title="Waleed Aly">Waleed Aly</a> argues that whether compulsory voting favors the right or the left is beside the point, because the most beneficial aspect of compulsory voting is that it will improve the caliber of individuals who run for office and the quality of the decisions that they make. In his words, "In a compulsory election, it does not pay to energize your base to the exclusion of all other voters. Since elections cannot be determined by turnout, they are decided by swing voters and won in the center... That is one reason Australia's version of the far right lacks anything like the power of its European or American counterparts. Australia has had some bad governments, but it hasn't had any truly extreme ones and it isn't nearly as vulnerable to <a href="Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogues</a>."<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mild_penalties_provide_big_boosts_in_turnout">Mild penalties provide big boosts in turnout</h3></div>

Penalties only need to be modest to boost turnout and achieve the goal of attaining a much more <a href="One_person%2C_one_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="One person, one vote">representative electorate</a>, especially since the public and the courts usually insist on a seamless voting process for places with mandatory voting laws.<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paradox_of_voting">Paradox of voting</h3></div>

Supporters of compulsory voting also argue that voting addresses the <a href="Paradox_of_voting" title="Paradox of voting">paradox of voting</a>, which is that for a rational, self-interested voter, the costs of voting will normally exceed the expected benefits. The paradox disproportionately affects the socially disadvantaged, for whom the costs of voting tend to be greater. Australian academic and supporter of compulsory voting, <a href="Lisa_Hill_(political_scientist)" title="Lisa Hill (political scientist)">Lisa Hill</a>, has argued that a <a href="Prisoner's_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">prisoner's dilemma</a> situation arises under voluntary systems for marginalized citizens: it seems rational for them to abstain from voting, under the assumption that others in their situation are also doing so, to conserve their limited resources. However, since these are people who have a pronounced need for representation, this decision is irrational. Hill argues that the introduction of compulsory voting removes this dilemma.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_legitimacy">Political legitimacy</h3></div>

The idea that compulsory voting results in a higher degree of <a href="Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a> is based on higher <a href="Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> and the more representative electorate that brings.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protect_against_demagogues">Protect against demagogues</h3></div>

High levels of participation decreases the risk of political instability created by crises or charismatic but sectionally focused demagogues.<a href="#cite_note-lijph-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reduce_income_inequality">Reduce income inequality</h3></div>

A 2005 <a href="Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a> working paper purported to show that there was a correlation between compulsory voting, when enforced strictly, and improved income distribution, as measured by the <a href="Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a> and the bottom income quintiles of the population.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> A 2011 <a href="Conference_Board_of_Canada" title="Conference Board of Canada">Conference Board of Canada</a> study on <a href="International_inequality" title="International inequality">world income inequality</a> – also relying on the Gini index – shows that income inequality is lowest in the Scandinavian countries, where compulsory voting has never existed, while Australia, and to a lesser extent Belgium, which strictly enforce their compulsory voting legislation, have a higher income inequality level than a number of other Western countries, such as Canada, France, Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands, where compulsory voting does not exist.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remove_voting_restrictions">Remove voting restrictions</h3></div>

Supporters of compulsory voting also argue that just as the <a href="Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> is designed to prevent interference with the votes actually cast, compelling voters to the polls for an election removes interference with accessing a polling place, reducing the impact that external factors such as the weather, transport, or restrictive employers might have. If everybody must vote, restrictions on voting are identified and steps are taken to remove them. This notion is especially reinforced when both men and women are required to vote and further sustained by diligent enforcement of laws requiring registration of all eligible voters (deemed adult and without exclusion of any significant community within the population). A growing voter preference towards <a href="Early_voting" title="Early voting">pre-polling</a> such as <a href="Postal_voting" title="Postal voting">vote by mail</a> can make participation easier, where the voter can fulfil their obligation more at their own convenience prior to polling day, rather than trying to arrange release from their responsibilities on the nominated date of polling.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stimulate_political_interest_and_education">Stimulate political interest and education</h3></div>

Other perceived advantages to compulsory voting are the stimulation of broader interest politics, as a sort of civil education and political stimulation, which creates a better informed population.<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a> For example, since far fewer campaign funds are needed to convince people to vote, they can be directed towards discussing proposed policies with a wider range of voters.<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a> Australian senator <a href="Herbert_Payne" title="Herbert Payne">Herbert Payne</a>, whose 1924 <a href="Private_member's_bill" title="Private member's bill">private member's bill</a> introduced compulsory voting in Australia, believed compulsory voting was necessary to counteract "apathy and indolence" among voters and would bring "a wonderful improvement in the political knowledge of the people".<a href="#cite_note-bio-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arguments_against">Arguments against</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regressive_taxation">Regressive taxation</h3></div>

Concerns about fines landing harder on the poorest citizens can lead to reforms to ensure penalties are mild for the poorest citizens and that voting is accessible and seamless for all to help assure concerned voters that mandatory voting will not become a <a href="Regressive_tax" title="Regressive tax">regressive tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a> The impact of these fines can be mitigated by making sure they do not compound over time, are <a href="Day-fine" title="Day-fine">weighted based on income</a>, and by providing an option to perform <a href="Community_service" title="Community service">community service</a> in lieu of payment.<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compelled_speech">Compelled speech</h3></div>

Another concern expressed about compulsory voting is that it would compel speech, which violates <a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> which includes the freedom not to speak.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Former Australian opposition leader <a href="Mark_Latham" title="Mark Latham">Mark Latham</a> urged Australians to lodge blank votes for the 2010 election. He stated the government should not force citizens to vote or threaten them with a fine.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> At the <a href="2013_Australian_federal_election" title="2013 Australian federal election">2013 federal election</a>, considering the threat of a non-voting fine of up to A$20,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> there was a turnout of 92%,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> of whom 6% lodged either informal or blank ballot papers.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Systems in democratic countries, which have a secret ballot, allow for blank ballots, but voting systems could also add a 'none of the above' option to each race so as to provide multiple clear ways for voters to refrain from speaking/voting if, for some reason, a voter does not want to submit a partially or fully blank ballot.<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_objections">Religious objections</h3></div>

Religious objection is one that many <a href="Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a> and <a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, for example, cite as for why they should not participate in political events. As a result, many countries allow religious beliefs as a valid excuse for not going to the polls.<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_liberties">Civil liberties</h3></div>

<a href="American_libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="American libertarians">American libertarians</a> in particular debate to what extent voting is a civic duty and not just a civic right. Even in the case of the US where most Americans see voting as a civic duty, most Americans in a 2020 poll did not like the idea of imposing a US$20 fine on those who did not cite an excuse for not voting including a conscientious objection.<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vote_buying">Vote buying</h3></div>

One perceived downside to compulsory voting is that by coercing politically apathetic people to vote in elections, they are vulnerable to manipulation through vote buying.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div>

A 2015 study of a Swiss canton where compulsory voting was enforced found that compulsory voting significantly increased electoral support for leftist policy positions in referendums by up to 20 percentage points.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> A 2008 study found that the effects of universal turnout in the United States would likely be small in national elections, but that universal turnout could matter in close elections, such as the presidential elections of <a href="2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> and <a href="2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In the United States, <a href="Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> would most likely fare better under universal voting, as nonvoters are generally more Democratic, but due to the rarity of close <a href="Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">elections in the United States</a>, universal voting would change "very few election outcomes".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

2011 research on compulsory voting in Australia found that it increased the vote shares and seat shares of the <a href="Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> by 7 to 10 percentage points and led to greater pension spending at the national level.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> While weakly enforced compulsory voting in Austria increased overall turnout by roughly 10 percentage points, there is "no evidence that this change in turnout affected government spending patterns (in levels or composition) or electoral outcomes."<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>

A 2016 study found that compulsory voting reduces the gender gap in electoral engagement in several ways.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A 2016 study of the Netherlands found that the abolition of compulsory voting increased the vote share of Dutch social democratic parties while reducing the vote share of "minor and extreme parties".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> 2016 research suggests that higher rates of voter turnout lead to higher top tax rates.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> A 2024 study found that compulsory voting can reduce political polarization and push political parties towards the preferences of the median voter by eliminating the ability of extremist partisans to threaten to abstain from voting, which pressures parties to adopt policies to appease those voters.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2></div>

According to a 1997 paper by <a href="Malcolm_Mackerras" title="Malcolm Mackerras">Malcolm Mackerras</a> and <a href="Ian_McAllister_(political_scientist)" title="Ian McAllister (political scientist)">Ian McAllister</a>, in Australia "polls taken over the years have consistently shown a community support of between 60 and 70 per cent" for compulsory voting. In 2005, polls taken by <a href="Roy_Morgan_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Morgan Research">Roy Morgan Research</a> and <a href="Ipsos" title="Ipsos">Ipsos-Mackay</a> found 71 and 74 percent support respectively. Both polls also found there was roughly equal support for compulsory voting among supporters of Australia's major political groups, the <a href="Coalition_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition (Australia)">Liberal–National Coalition</a> and the <a href="Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In Belgium, which has had compulsory voting since 1893, support for the abolition of compulsory voting is in progression. Results from a 2016 public opinion poll showed that 49% of respondents were in favor of abolition (46% in Wallonia, 49% in Brussels, 51% in Flanders) with 10% having no opinion.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In Canada, an e-consultation conducted in 2016 by the House of Commons' Special Committee on the Electoral Reform showed that 50.3% of the 22,247 respondents strongly disagreed or disagreed with the statement "Canadians should be required to cast a ballot in a federal election (this could include spoiling a ballot)", as opposed to 36.3% who strongly agreed or agreed.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_and_past_use_by_countries">Current and past use by countries</h2></div>

As of December 2021, 21 countries were recorded as having compulsory voting.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook:_Suffrage-46">[46]</a> Of these, only 10 countries (additionally one <a href="Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Swiss canton</a>) enforce it. As of January 2020, of the 36 member states of the <a href="Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD), only Australia had forms of compulsory voting which were enforced in practice. Voting in Belgium, Greece, Luxembourg, Mexico and Turkey is compulsory, but is <a href="Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">not enforced</a>.

</caption>

<th>Place

</th>

<th>Exempt

</th>

<th>Turnout

</th>

<th>Enforced?

</th>

<th>Penalized

</th>

<th>History

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Argentina" title="Argentina"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Argentina" title="Elections in Argentina">Argentina</a>

</td>

<td>Ages 16, 17, and anyone over 70. The judges and their assistants who must provide services on election day. Those who are more than 500 km away on election day. Those who are sick or disabled due to force majeure.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Introduced in 1912 with the <a href="S%C3%A1enz_Pe%C3%B1a_Law" title="Sáenz Peña Law">Sáenz Peña Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-idea-49">[49]</a> Registered voters who abstain from voting without a verified justification, are liable to pay a fine. In case of non-payment, the person concerned is barred from dealing with public bodies for one year.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Turnout peaked around 85% in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Australia" title="Australia"></a> <a href="Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Australia</a>

</td>

<td>Travel, illness, religious objection, seasonal workers, anyone without a fixed address, not registered to vote (but registration is compulsory)<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

</td>

<td>Introduced for <a href="1915_Queensland_state_election" title="1915 Queensland state election">state elections</a> in <a href="Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> in 1915, excluding <a href="Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>. <a href="Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a> introduced compulsory voting in 1926, <a href="New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> in 1928, <a href="Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> in 1936 (excluding Indigenous Australians), and <a href="South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> in 1942. It was introduced for federal elections in 1924 for <a href="British_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="British subjects">British subjects</a> aged 21 and in 1984 for <a href="Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-53">[53]</a> Enrollment and voting at federal elections was introduced for Indigenous Australians in 1949, but was voluntary until both enrollment and voting became compulsory in 1984 for all eligible electors.<a href="#cite_note-AECPub-54">[54]</a> The compulsory voting age for federal elections was reduced to 18 in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-idea-49">[49]</a>

Australia has one of the highest electoral turnout rates in the world.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Since the introduction of compulsory voting in 1924, the turnout at Australian elections has never fallen below 90%.<a href="#cite_note-AECPub-54">[54]</a>

For first-time offenders, a fine is issued for AU$20 with a maximum penalty of AU$180, which is regularly enforced.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Voter registration, called enrolment in Australia, is also compulsory.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Belgium" title="Belgium"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Belgium#Voters" title="Elections in Belgium">Belgium</a>

</td>

<td>Not registered to vote<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Introduced in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Every citizen and registered non-Belgian voter, from the age of 18 must cast a vote at federal, provincial, local and European parliament elections.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Before 2003, fines from 40 to €80, and up to €200 for reoffenders were levied, but if they fail to vote in at least four elections, they can lose the right to vote for 10 years and non-voters also might face difficulties getting a job in the public sector. In reality, since 2003, offenders are almost never prosecuted.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Penalties are immediate for absent appointed polling station staff.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The key <a href="Flemish_Community" title="Flemish Community">Flemish Community</a> parties on the right wish to abolish compulsory voting, and did so in the case of Flemish local elections, starting with the <a href="2024_Belgian_local_elections" title="2024 Belgian local elections">2024 elections</a>. In the <a href="French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a>, parties on the left adamantly support compulsory voting while those on the right increasingly favor its abolition.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bolivia" title="Bolivia"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Bolivia" title="Elections in Bolivia">Bolivia</a>

</td>

<td>Over 70, absent on Election Day, force majeure<a href="#cite_note-:7-67">[67]</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Since 1952. Voter are given a card after voting to prove participation. Otherwise they receive a fine and are unable to receive their salary from the bank if they cannot show proof of voting for the three months following the election.<a href="#cite_note-:7-67">[67]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Ages 16, 17, and anyone over 70, those far away from home on election day (must be pre-approved) or cannot read<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Since 1932. Compulsory for all <a href="Brazilian_citizens" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian citizens">Brazilian citizens</a>, including Brazilians residing abroad. Those who do not vote in an election and do not later present an acceptable justification (such as being away from their voting location at the time) are subject to a fine of <a href="Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">R$</a>3.51 (about <a href="United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>0.65 in August 2020). Proof of voting compliance (by having voted, justified the absence or paid the fine) is required for some transactions such as obtaining a <a href="Brazilian_passport" title="Brazilian passport">Brazilian passport</a>, admission to a public university, government employment, and loans from a government-owned bank.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> 56% of Brazilians were against the policy in a 2020 study.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chile" title="Chile"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Chile" title="Elections in Chile">Chile</a>

</td>

<td>Health incompatibility, being over 200 km away from voting poll and any justification accepted by local courthouse.

</td>

<td>TBD

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>In 2012, an amendment of the <a href="Chilean_Constitution_of_1980" title="Chilean Constitution of 1980">Chilean Constitution of 1980</a> eliminated the obligation to vote (and the up to $200 fines that discouraged many low-income citizens from registering)<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a> and established automatic registration for all citizens (Law 20,568).<a href="#cite_note-auto-75">[75]</a> In 2022 mandatory voting was reintroduced while automatic registration into the voting registry was kept.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Costa_Rica" title="Elections in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Absenteeism was consistently around 20 percent until the 1990s, when it jumped to nearly 30 percent.<a href="#cite_note-:4-78">[78]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ecuador" title="Ecuador"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Ecuador" title="Elections in Ecuador">Ecuador</a>

</td>

<td>Ages 16, 17, and anyone over 65 or who cannot read

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Introduced in 1936.<a href="#cite_note-idea-49">[49]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Egypt" title="Egypt"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Egypt" title="Elections in Egypt">Egypt</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>No

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Egyptian law provides for a fine and even a jail sentence for those who do not vote, but in practice the law is not applied, and turnouts are low, such as 47.5% at the <a href="2014_Egyptian_presidential_election" title="2014 Egyptian presidential election">2014 presidential election</a>, then down to 28.3% at the <a href="2015_Egyptian_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Egyptian parliamentary election">parliamentary election the following year</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>No

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Not enforced starting in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Greece" title="Greece"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Greece" title="Elections in Greece">Greece</a>

</td>

<td>Over 70

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>There used to be punishments such as not being able to issue a passport, driving license and occupational license. These sanctions were lifted in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Honduras" title="Honduras"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Honduras" title="Elections in Honduras">Honduras</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>While the <a href="Constitution_of_Honduras" title="Constitution of Honduras">Constitution of Honduras</a> says voting is compulsory, the Electoral Code does not mention penalties for not voting.<a href="#cite_note-auto-75">[75]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Liechtenstein" title="Elections in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>The Act on the Exercise of Political Rights in National Affairs (1973) states that "Participation in elections and votes is a compulsory civic duty"<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> with fines issued for those who do not qualify for an exemption.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Luxembourg" title="Elections in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>

</td>

<td>Under 18 or over 75, live abroad

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Compulsory for <a href="Luxembourg_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg citizenship">Luxembourg citizens</a> aged between 18 and 75 who live in Luxembourg. Foreign nationals (in local elections for all foreigners and <a href="Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">European elections</a> for European citizens only) may register to vote if resident in Luxembourg, with the previous five-year residency requirement lifted in 2023. Enrolment for foreign nationals on the electoral roll is a free choice, not a requirement; however, once an eligible foreign national has registered to vote, then voting becomes compulsory for them. Penalties for not voting range from €100-250 for a first offence to up to €1000 for a repeat offence.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> However, no fines have been imposed since 1963<a href="#cite_note-:10-90">[90]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mexico" title="Mexico"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Mexico" title="Elections in Mexico">Mexico</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>The <a href="Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution of Mexico</a> mentions that voting is a citizen's obligation (Art. 36), but the Electoral Code does not establish penalties for not voting.<a href="#cite_note-auto-75">[75]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nauru" title="Nauru"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Nauru" title="Elections in Nauru">Nauru</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Introduced in 1965 when it was still an <a href="History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Australian possession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-idea-49">[49]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea"></a> <a href="Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">North Korea</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>99%

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Everyone over age 17 is required to vote. However, only one candidate from the ruling <a href="Workers'_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> or its partners in the <a href="Democratic_Front_for_the_Reunification_of_Korea" title="Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea">Democratic Front for the Reunification of Korea</a> appears on the ballot. Voting is designed to track who is and is not in the country (including who may have <a href="North_Korean_defectors" title="North Korean defectors">defected</a>). Dissenting votes are possible but are considered acts of treason that can have consequences for someone and their family since ballots are not secret.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Paraguay" title="Paraguay"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Paraguay" title="Elections in Paraguay">Paraguay</a>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Citizens between 18 and 75 years old. Turnout at the <a href="2013_Paraguayan_general_election" title="2013 Paraguayan general election">2013 general elections</a> was 68.5%, then went down to 61.2% at the <a href="2018_Paraguayan_general_election" title="2018 Paraguayan general election">2018 election</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Introduced in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-idea-49">[49]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands"></a> <a href="Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>All permanent residents over 18 years of age are required to vote.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Those who do not vote, without a valid excuse, are subject to a fine up to <a href="New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">NZ$</a>25.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Samoa" title="Samoa"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Samoa" title="Elections in Samoa">Samoa</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Samoa adopted compulsory voting in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> It was implemented for the first time in the <a href="2021_Samoan_general_election" title="2021 Samoan general election">2021 Samoan general election</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Singapore" title="Singapore"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Singapore</a>

</td>

<td>Travel, illness, under 21<a href="#cite_note-:5-105">[105]</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Failure to vote may result in the removal of one's name from the electoral roll. A non-voter can restore one's name to the register by submitting an application to the Registration Officer with a valid excuse as to why they did not vote in the most recent election. Those who do not vote, without a valid excuse, are subject to a fine of <a href="Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">SG$</a>50 before they are restored on electoral roll.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td> <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss canton</a> of <a href="Canton_of_Schaffhausen#Compulsory_Voting" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Compulsory voting has never existed at the national level in Switzerland. However, starting in the late 19th century, it was passed by several cantons, but by 1974 had been repealed everywhere but Schaffhausen.<a href="#cite_note-idea-49">[49]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Thailand" title="Thailand"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Thailand" title="Elections in Thailand">Thailand</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>No

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">Turkey</a>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>No

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Introduced in 1983 for parliamentary election and in 1984 for local elections. Registered voters who abstain from voting without justification are fined.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Uruguay" title="Uruguay"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Uruguay" title="Elections in Uruguay">Uruguay</a>

</td>

<td>Health issues, absence on election day, force majeure, citizenship suspension.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>Yes

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>Introduced in 1934, but not enforced until 1970.<a href="#cite_note-idea-49">[49]</a> Registered voters who abstain from voting without justification are fined. Fines are doubled if the nonvoter is a public servant or a graduate professional. In cases of non-payment the person concerned is barred from dealing with public bodies (whether acting in a personal interest or as a legal representative), collecting fees or salaries, registering for exams in universities, purchasing registered property, or buying tickets for travel to another country.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repealed">Repealed</h3></div>

Countries where voting is no longer compulsory:

</caption>

<th>Country

</th>

<th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="People's_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Albania</a>

</td>

<td>Compulsory voting, which existed throughout the Communist period and produced official turnouts of 100%, was repealed with the new election law of November 1990 and January 1991 during the <a href="Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">fall of Communism in Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Austria" title="Austria"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Austria" title="Elections in Austria">Austria</a>

</td>

<td>At the national level, introduced in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> Repealed in 1992. At the provincial level in <a href="Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, <a href="Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a> and <a href="Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>, repealed in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Bulgaria" title="Elections in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>

</td>

<td>Due to the low turnouts at elections, the <a href="National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)" title="National Assembly (Bulgaria)">National Assembly of Bulgaria</a> introduced compulsory voting in 2016 – the only European country to do so in more than 50 years – but the <a href="Constitutional_Court_of_Bulgaria" title="Constitutional Court of Bulgaria">Constitutional Court of Bulgaria</a> annulled the law the following year, declaring that the right to vote was a subjective right and not a public function that entailed an obligation to vote.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cyprus" title="Cyprus"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Cyprus" title="Elections in Cyprus">Cyprus</a>

</td>

<td>Introduced after <a href="London_and_Z%C3%BCrich_Agreements" title="London and Zürich Agreements">independence from the British Empire</a> in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-idea-49">[49]</a> Repealed in 2017, after having been inactive for many years.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic"></a> <a href="Elections_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Elections in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>

</td>

<td>Compulsory voting, which was not enforced in practice, was repealed with the 2010 <a href="Constitution_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Constitution of the Dominican Republic">Constitution of the Dominican Republic</a> which states: "Nobody can be obligated or coerced, under any pretext, in the exercise of their right of suffrage or to reveal their vote." In 2017, a proposal by an opposition party to establish compulsory voting was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Guatemala" title="Guatemala"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Guatemala" title="Elections in Guatemala">Guatemala</a>

</td>

<td>Repealed in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Italy</a>

</td>

<td>Between 1945 and 1993. (Possible arbitrary or social sanctions, called the "innocuous sanction", where it might, for example, be difficult to get a daycare place for the citizen's child or similar.)<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Lebanon" title="Elections in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>

</td>

<td>Repealed at least since the electoral law of 1996.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a> <a href="Elections_in_the_Netherlands" title="Elections in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>

</td>

<td>Introduced under the <a href="Pacification_of_1917" title="Pacification of 1917">Pacification of 1917</a> along with universal suffrage, repealed it in 1967. In 1946, a survey conducted by the Netherlands Institute of Public Opinion (NIPO), in the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, reported that 66 percent of those asked favored repealing compulsory voting.<a href="#cite_note-:2-122">[122]</a> In 1966, the public was polled again, this time by the Politics in the Netherlands survey, and responded 69 percent in favor of the policy.<a href="#cite_note-:2-122">[122]</a> In 1967, the <a href="Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam" title="Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam">Free University of Amsterdam</a> polled voters on whether they thought the compulsory voting laws at the time were "right" or "wrong"; 70 percent of those asked answered "right", 28 percent answered "wrong", and 2 percent gave no opinion.<a href="#cite_note-:2-122">[122]</a> In January 1969, the Netherlands Institute of Public Opinion polled again, and found 53 percent of those asked were in favor of abolishing compulsory voting, while 29 percent wished to keep it.<a href="#cite_note-:2-122">[122]</a> In 1999, support for compulsory voting in the Netherlands was just at 35 percent.<a href="#cite_note-:2-122">[122]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Panama" title="Panama"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Panama" title="Elections in Panama">Panama</a>

</td>

<td>The current <a href="Law_of_Panama" title="Law of Panama">laws of Panama</a> do not mention any sanctions and do not specify the obligation to vote.<a href="#cite_note-auto-75">[75]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Philippines" title="Philippines"></a> <a href="Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Philippines</a>

</td>

<td>Compulsory and enforced during the regime of <a href="Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Portugal" title="Portugal"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Portugal" title="Elections in Portugal">Portugal</a>

</td>

<td><a href="1933_Portuguese_constitutional_referendum" title="1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum">1933 Portuguese constitutional referendum</a>, not enforced.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Spain" title="Elections in Spain">Spain</a>

</td>

<td>1907–1923, but not enforced.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Switzerland" title="Elections in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>

</td>

<td>Widespread among the country's 26 cantons in the 19th century but progressively abandoned since then with only Schaffhausen still retaining it.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>

</td>

<td>By Article XII of the 1777 <a href="Constitution_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Constitution of Georgia (U.S. state)">Constitution of Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> This provision was omitted from the revised Georgia constitution adopted after the <a href="Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution">ratification of the United States Constitution</a> in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela"></a> <a href="Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">Venezuela</a>

</td>

<td>Removed in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Had been largely unenforced before then.<a href="#cite_note-:62-17">[17]</a> Turnout since 1998 has averaged 62%<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> compared with almost 90% on average between 1970 and 1993 during compulsory voting.<a href="#cite_note-:9-13">[13]</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measures_to_encourage_voting">Measures to encourage voting</h2></div>

Although voting in a country may be compulsory, penalties for failing to vote are not always strictly enforced. In Australia and Brazil, providing a legitimate reason for not voting, such as illness, is accepted. In Australia, if a citizen is asked why they did not vote and they reply that it is against their religion, the Electoral Act provides that this answer must be taken as conclusive, and no further action is to be taken.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> In Argentina, those who were ill on voting day are excused by requesting a doctor to prove their condition. Those over 500 km (310 mi) away from their voting place are also excused by asking for a certificate at a police station near where they are.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Belgian voters can vote in an embassy if they are abroad or can empower another voter to cast the vote in their name. The voter must give a "permission to vote" and carry a copy of the ID card and their own on the actual elections.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>

States that sanction nonvoters with fines generally impose small or nominal penalties. This can be seen as reflecting the practical rationale for compulsory voting – that compulsion is aimed at making it more irksome not to vote than to vote, and therefore mild penalties are all that is required. Penalties for failing to vote are not limited to fines and legal sanctions. Belgian voters who repeatedly fail to vote in elections may be subject to <a href="Disenfranchisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement">disenfranchisement</a>. Singaporean voters who fail to vote in a general election or presidential election will be subjected to disenfranchisement until a valid reason is given or a fine is paid.<a href="#cite_note-thenews.com.pk-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>

Goods and services provided by public offices may be denied to those failing to vote in <a href="Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. In Brazil, people who fail to vote in an election are barred from obtaining a passport and subject to other restrictions until settling their situation before an electoral court or after they have voted in the two most recent elections. If a Bolivian voter fails to participate in an election, the person may be denied withdrawal of the salary from the bank for three months.<a href="#cite_note-thenews.com.pk-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> A <a href="Postal_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal vote">postal vote</a> may be available for those for whom it is difficult to attend a polling station.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Pre-poll voting at nominated polling stations in Australia has been increasing in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Citizens'_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><div class="reflist">

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/suffrage">The World Factbook – Field Listing: Suffrage</a>.

</li>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFMalkopoulou2014" class="citation book cs1">Malkopoulou, Anthoula (5 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWO2BQAAQBAJ&q=malkopoulou">The History of Compulsory Voting in Europe: Democracy's Duty?</a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-317-69333-8</bdi>. Retrieved 28 March 2018 – via Google Books.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NWO2BQAAQBAJ&q=malkopoulou">Ibid.</a> pp.49–52

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:3-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/roman/elections-in-the-late-roman-republic-how-did-they-work/">"Elections in the late Roman Republic: how did they work?"</a>. HistoryExtra. Retrieved 2022-10-06.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/how-romans-voted-in-roman-republic-120890">"This Is How the Romans Voted in the Roman Republic"</a>. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 2022-10-06.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMeguidHelmke2007" class="citation journal cs1">Meguid, Bonnie M.; Helmke, Gretchen (2007). "Endogenous Institutions: The Origins of Compulsory Voting Laws". <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10665132">10665132</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)

</li>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBrett2019" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Judith (2019). From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage: How Australia Got Compulsory Voting. Text Publishing Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-925603-84-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBonottiStrangio2021" class="citation book cs1">Bonotti, Mario; Strangio, Paul, eds. (2021). A Century of Compulsory Voting in Australia: Genesis, Impact and Future. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-981-33-4025-1</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612191446/http://www.idea.int/vt/compulsory_voting.cfm">International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance – Compulsory voting information</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109031501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/311.html">Suffrage</a>, The CIA World Factbook</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compulsoryvoting.org">Compulsory Voting, Not</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/voting/compulsory_voting.pdf">Australian Electoral Commission – Electoral Backgrounder – Compulsory Voting</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.gov.au/">Australian Electoral Commission</a> <a href="Australian_Electoral_Commission" title="Australian Electoral Commission">Australian Electoral Commission</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607234845/http://www.essex.ac.uk/ECPR/events/jointsessions/helsinki/ws_list.aspx">European Consortium for Political Research (ECPR) Sessions of Workshops 2007, Workshop No.7: Compulsory Voting: Principle and Practice</a> – academic conference papers on compulsory voting.</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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